What Is a White Hat? The Ethical Side of Hacking

Key takeaways

White hats are ethical hackers hired to test a company’s information security systems to identify and resolve vulnerabilities.

• The average base pay for a white hat hacker is $130,000, according to Glassdoor [1].

• Essential skills for white hat hackers include programming knowledge, cryptography, an understanding of databases and networks, and familiarity with web applications and wireless technologies.

• You can earn a bachelor’s degree in computer science, computer engineering, information technology, or cybersecurity to prepare for a job as a white hat hacker.

Explore the role of a white hat hacker and how to get started in this career. If you’re ready to start preparing for a role in cybersecurity, earn the Google Cybersecurity Professional Certificate. In as little as six months, you can learn about threat management, debugging, and cyberattacks. After completing the program, you’ll earn a career credential that can help boost your resume.

What is a white hat hacker?

When a company needs to test its information system’s security, it hires white hats to attempt to hack into its information systems. This ethical hacking process helps detect vulnerabilities in a system. The term white hat and its definition derive from old movie westerns, where law-abiding heroes always wore white hats. Unlike those who break into computers to destroy or steal data, white hat hackers have good intentions. 

Depending on the company you work for, your duties as a white hat hacker might include:

• Reverse engineering malware and viruses

• Analyzing attacks and security incidents for their root causes

• Scanning a target network with vulnerability scanners

• Designing plans of attack to try and exploit (and then patch) vulnerabilities

• Providing technical support

• Reviewing and updating documentation

What is a black hat hacker?

A black hat hacker is the opposite of a white hat hacker, or an agent who uses unethical means to gain unlawful entry for nefarious purposes. You may hear about different color hackers as well, such as gray hat hackers who use unethical or unlawful methods of gaining access to data, but not necessarily for ill-intentioned reasons.

Jobs for white hat hacking

These days, the demand for ethical hackers is higher than ever in both private and public sectors. Below is a breakdown of both private, public, and government jobs.

Private sector vs. government jobs for white hat hackers

You can find many types of private sector companies that need stringent security for their information systems. Examples include:

• Financial institutions like banks, credit card companies, and mortgage companies

• Technology companies 

• Educational institutions

• Aerospace companies

• Cell phone companies

• Health care businesses

• Utility companies

• Large retail and wholesale establishments

• Entertainment and media companies

• Artificial intelligence (AI) companies

Read more: How Does AI Work? Basics to Know

Ethical hackers who want a government job might work for the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, Intelligence, Justice, or Revenue. These are just a few government agencies that hire white hats to secure their information systems. 

Some common job titles for ethical hackers in the private and public sectors include:

• Data security analyst

• Data security manager

• Network administrator/manager

• Network security consultant

• Penetration tester

• Security engineer

• Vulnerability assessor

Ethical hacker skills 

Two types of skills that help with your ethical hacker job performance are technical skills and workplace skills. Technical skills are learned through training or education, while workplace skills are those that involve your personality or work ethic. To become a white hat, plan to develop a unique combination of technical and workplace skills, including:

• Computer programming skills

• Databases and networks

• Cryptography (study of encryption and decryption)

• Web applications and wireless technologies

• Problem-solving

• Organization

• Communication

• Ability to remain calm in high-pressure situations

Degree types for a white hat hacker

Although some white hat hackers develop their expertise from working with computers, many get bachelor's degrees as well. Degrees that might benefit ethical hackers include:

• Computer science

• Computer engineering

• Information technology

• Cybersecurity

When you're ready to apply for a position as a white hat, you'll likely need a strong working knowledge of operating systems like Linux, Kali Linux, and Windows, and extensive experience writing code. Types of scripting and programming languages to learn and master include:

• ASP

• C

• C++

• HTML

• JSP

• JavaScript

• PHP

• Python

• SQL

Should I get a master’s degree to become a white hat hacker?

You may not need a master's degree to get a job as a white hat hacker. But if you have an undergraduate degree in a field like math, physics, computer science, or engineering, you can go on to get a master’s of science degree in cybersecurity. 

This program may offer opportunities to develop a deep understanding of cybersecurity principles, practices, and techniques. A full-time student might obtain a master's degree in cybersecurity in one to two years. 

Alternatives to getting a degree 

If you aren't interested in going to college, you can pick up valuable ethical hacking experience by joining the military and advancing on a cybersecurity or intelligence track. Another bonus of joining the military is the security clearance you'll likely get while you're there. This is a valuable asset to many public and private sector employers when it's time for you to move on from the military. 

Certifications for career prospects

If you're hoping to work as an ethical hacker, certifications can give you a chance to show employers that you have those skills. The Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) certification offered through the EC-Council (International Council of E-Commerce Consultants) is one of the most respected and comprehensive certifications in the industry. 

This program is globally recognized, and participants who complete it might get top positions as ethical hackers. To enroll in the course, you must have at least two years of experience in information security and pass a pre-enrollment exam. You may choose to take an official training course before attempting the exam, which could also cost an additional fee, but generally includes a voucher to take the exam. Applying to take the exam costs $100 [2]. The class focuses on these topics and more:

• Cryptography

• Enumeration

• Firewalls

• Footprinting

• Honeypots

• Latest trojans, worms, and viruses

• Penetration testing

• Server hacking

• Session hijacking

• Social engineering

• SQL injection

Part of the process of getting this certification is agreeing to the EC-Council's code of ethics, stating that participants of the program must always protect intellectual property and promise never to engage in malicious hacking activities. 

White hat hacking salary 

As with most jobs, your salary as an ethical hacker depends on your level of education and experience. According to Glassdoor, the annual base pay for an ethical hacker in the United States is $130,000 [1]. 

Explore our free resources for cybersecurity careers

If you’re considering a career change, you can stay updated on your industry by joining Career Chat. To learn more about the field of cybersecurity, you can also check out the following resources:

• Watch on YouTube: Career Spotlight: Cybersecurity Analyst

• Learn terminology: Cybersecurity Glossary: Key Terms & Definitions

• Read an insider's story: Meet the IT Support Tech Advancing Toward a Cybersecurity Career

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